Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is present in most tissues and cells in the body. Vitamin D3 has a range of biological actions, such as inhibition of cellular proliferation, inducing terminal differentiation, inhibiting angiogenesis, stimulating insulin production, inhibiting renin production, and stimulating macrophage cathelicidin production. Vitamin D3 may be responsible for regulating up to 200 genes if not more that may facilitate many of the pleiotropic health benefits that have been reported for vitamin D3.